E-Commerce and Protecting Intellectual Property Essay Example for Free

E-Commerce and Protecting Intellectual Property Essay Introduction E-commerce has become a prosperous industry which generated more than $262 billion in sales last year. It is estimated by 2017 that E-commerce will grow to â€Å"to $440 billion in sales for a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.8%† (Forbes, 2013). With this much growth, it beckons entrepreneurs to grab a piece of the pie. As legal activity in Ecommerce increases, the activity of counterfeiting is bound to rise as well. The issue of intellectual piracy is becoming an increasing problem, an issue that must be addressed federally in line with Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution. Intellectual Property (IP) Intellectual property is any creation of the mind, be it tangible or intangible. It is to be protected by federal statutory laws, such as patents, copyright, and trademarks, as set forth in the Constitution. Article 1 Section 8 describes the power granted to Congress in order to protect the wellbeing of the United States and its citizens. In this article it states Congress has the right â€Å"to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries† (Cornell University Law School, 2014). Protection The legal protection offered to intellectual property can either be a patent, copyright or trademark enforced by federal law for a given period. A copyright protects literature and artistic works. A patent is granted to the originator of an invention and gives them the right to decide how the creation shall be used. A trademark is a sign, emblem, signature, or mark used to distinguish a company’s goods or services from one company to the  next. Though businesses are granted legal protection in these manners, they will always have the issue of piracy to contend with, and the need for the federal government to intervene against these activities. Congressional Duty Congress has a liability and a duty to protect the intellectual property of companies and individuals who have taken the legal steps to safeguard their works and findings. They cannot be dissuaded by the pressures of those â€Å"who do not believe that someone else’s’ intellectual property rights should be a barrier to their ability to make money† (Hanna, 2013). During the 2012-2013 National Football League (NFL) season, the NFL in cooperation with the U.S. government â€Å"seized a record $13.6 million worth of counterfeit NFL merchandise† (Hanna, 2013). The counterfeiting of merchandise is not limited to the NFL, major brands like Nike, Oakley, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few, have all fallen victim to this malicious crime. Policymakers, in conjunction with internet service providers (ISP), and manufacturers must work together in an effort to develop reasonable cost effective solutions to combat intellectual piracy. Conclusion Piracy of intellectual property is far from a victimless crime. It affects not only the manufacturers and consumer, but also the number of jobs created by the legal selling of merchandise. Congress has a duty, which has been set forth in the Constitution, to protect the intellectual property of companies and individuals alike, even after trademarks, patents, and copyrights have been issued. It will take combine effort from our government, ISPs, and manufactures to combat the stealing of intellectual property while continuing to promote online freedom. References Cornell University Law School. (2014). U.S. Constitution. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei Forbes. (2013, October 02). Ecommerce Is Growing Nicely While Mcommerce Is On A Tear. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckjones/2013/10/02/ecommerce-is-growing-nicely-while-mcommerce-is-on-a-tear Hanna, C. (2013, March 07). Washington must get serious about protecting intellectual property. Retrieved from

Thinking About Stupidity In Our Scholars :: essays research papers

The stupidity in our scholars, like stupidity and arrogance everywhere, follows a model. The model presented here was developed by Anticommerical University Professor William Mason. It applies in general to stupidity at any level of intensity. It has 5 stages.1. Mimetic ArroganceOne party identifies themselves as an authority on a subject and other parties imitate that arrogance. Examples of things scholars and professors are arrogant about: science, literature, art, sociology, psychology, philosophy. Whatever the culture tells us is a difficult subject, that's what scholars decide is worth being arrogant about.2. Mimetic Use of the Word MimeticNow the parties begin competing for the object of arrogance: jargon. Whatever big, fancy words emerge, others copy them. Since they all use the same words in different ways, any hope of finding concrete definitions of them vanishes. To win, you only need to get more exclusivity of words such as 'exclusivity.' If the word becomes ubiquitous, then you make up even more complex words that have simple meanings, such as 'ubiquitous.' If this doesn't work, then you must resort to using neojargon or pseudojargon or neopseudojargon or neopseudoneojargon. Examples of these forms of jargon are the prefixes 'neo' and 'pseudo.'3. GraikosGraikos is a Greek word that means "Greek." It's the root of much stupidity found in scholarly discursions. In the rivalry for respect, if one side finds an inferior usage of jargon, they are caught in the temptation of Graikos and feel compelled to retaliate by literally speaking a whole new language. Thus begins a "jargon" war, fought on the battlefield of the dictionary. Graikos is what makes it so hard to read their professional journals, so hard to feel like you have any grasp whatsoever on vocabulary. It's so easy to feel intellectually inferior to such unjustified usage of language. The gap between scholar and layman escalates.4. IntimidationEventually one side crosses some arbitrary threshold of concern where the supervising authorities feel compelled to intervene. It's essentially random which side is considered the "supervising authority" since they both consider the other as worthless scum, but often it's the faction with more college degrees, which uses more venomous attacks to maintain parity. Whichever side is considered the "supervising authority" becomes the intimidator of the layman and the others who kept their ego below threshold are victims, doomed to low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness.5. Authorized, Sanctioned and Sacred StupidityTo appease the scholars, the authorities determine guilt and visit sanctions and punishment on the intimidated.

Radioactive Dating

Dating techniques are procedures used by scientists to determine the age of a specimen. 2 types of Dating: *Relative Dating *Absolute Dating Relative Dating -methods tell only if one sample is older or younger than another sample. -They do not provide an age in years. Stratigraphy -Main Relative Dating Method -is the study of layers of rocks or the objects embedded within those layers. -based on the assumption that deeper layers were deposited earlier, and thus are older than more shallow layers. Seriation is the ordering of objects according to their age.James Ford – used seriation to determine the chronological order of American Indian pottery styles in the Mississippi Valley. Absolute dating * any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years. * To determine the absolute ages of fossils and rocks, * scientists analyze isotopes of radioactive elements. Isotopes * atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. * Most isotopes are stable, meaning that they stay in their original form. * Other isotopes are unstable. * Scientists call unstable isotopes radioactive.Radioactive decay * Radioactive isotopes tend to break down into stable isotopes of the same or other elements. * Refers to the process in which a radioactive form of an element is converted into a decay product at a regular rate. – This dating is not a single method of absolute dating but instead a group of related methods for absolute dating of samples. * Because radioactive decay occurs at a steady rate, * Scientists can use the relative amounts of stable and unstable isotopes present in an object to determine the object’s age. Dating Rocks — How Does It Work? In radioactive decay, an unstable radioactive isotope of one element breaks down into a stable isotope.* The stable isotope may be of the same element or of a different element. Parent isotope * The unstable radioactive isotope. Daughter isotope * The st able isotope produced by the radioactive decay of the parent isotope. * The rate of radioactive decay is constant so scientists can compare the amount of parent material with the amount of daughter material to date rock. The more daughter material there is the older the rock is. Absolute Dating Methods Cation-Ratio Dating – used to date rock surfaces such as stone artifacts and cliff and ground drawings.-this technique can only be applied to rocks from desert areas, where the varnish is most stable. *Thermoluminescence Dating – very useful for determining the age of pottery. Has the advantage of covering the time interval between radiocarbon and pottasium-argon dating or 40,000,000 years. *Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) – very similar to thermoluminescence dating, both of which are considered â€Å"clock setting†. * This technique can be used to determine the age of unheated sediments les than 500,000 years old. a disadvantage to this technique i s that in order to get accurate results, the sediment to be tested cannot be exposed to light, making sampling difficult. Radiometric Dating Determining the absolute age of a sample, based on the ratio of parent material to daughter material. If you know the rate of decay for a radioactive element in a rock you can figure out the absolute age of the rock. Half-life * the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay.After every half-life, the amount of parent material decrease by one-half. Types of Radiometric Dating Scientists use different radiometric-dating methods based on the estimated age of an object. * There are four radiometric-dating techniques. 1. Potassium-Argon Method * Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1. 3 billion years, and it decays leaving a daughter material of argon. * This method is used mainly to date rocks older than 100,000 years. * Relies on the fact that when volcanic rocks are heated to extremely high temperatures, they release any argon trapped in them. 2. Uranium-Lead Method * Uranium-238 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 4. 5 billion years.Uranium-238 decays in a series of steps to lead-206. * The uranium-lead method can be used to date rocks more than 10 million years old. 2 types of Uranium-Lead Dating *Daughter deficiency methods *Daughter excess methods * In daughter deficiency situations, the parent radioisotope is initially deposited by itself, without its daughter (the isotope into which it decays) present. * In the case of daughter excess, a larger amount of the daughter is initially deposited than the parent. 3. Rubidium-Strontium Method * The unstable parent isotope rubidium-87 forms a stable daughter isotope strontium-87.The half-life of rubidium-87 is 49 billion years * This method is used for rocks older than 10 million years. 4. Carbon-14 Method * used to date charcoal, wood, and other biological materials. * Carbon is normally found in three forms,, the stable isot opes carbon-12 and carbon-13 and the radioactive isotope carbon-14. * Living plants and animals contain a constant ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12. 1. Once a plant or animal dies, no new carbon is taken in. 2. The amount of carbon-14 begins to decrease as the plant or animal decays. 3. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years.The carbon-14 method of radiometric dating is used mainly for dating things that lived within the last 50,000 years. – Radiocarbon (14C) is a radioactive form of the element carbon. It decays spontaneously into nitrogen-14 (14N). Fossils: evidence of past life Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals (also known aszoolites), plants, and other organisms from the remote past. The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, and their placement in fossiliferous (fossil-containing) rock formations and sedimentary layers (strata) is known as the fossil record. -Fossilization processes proceed differently according to tissue type and e xternal conditions:– 1. Permineralization is a process of fossilization that occurs when an organism is buried. .2. Casts and molds The remaining organism-shaped hole in the rock is called an external mold. If this hole is later filled with other minerals, it is a cast. An endocast or internal mold is formed when sediments or minerals fill the internal cavity of an organism. 3. Authigenic mineralisation This is a special form of cast and mold formation. he organism (or fragment of organism) can act as a nucleus for the precipitation of minerals such as siderite, resulting in a nodule forming around it. 4. Replacement and recrystallization Replacement occurs when the shell, bone or other tissue is replaced with another mineral. A shell is said to be recrystallized when the original skeletal compounds are still present but in a different crystal form, as from aragonite to calcite. 5. Adpression (compression-impression) Compression Fossils, such as those of fossil ferns, are the result of chemical reduction of the complex organic molecules composing the organism's tissues.However, the phytoleim is lost and all that remains is an impression of the organism in the rock-an impression fossil. 6. Carbon films are thin film coatings which consist predominantly of the chemical element carbon. 7. Bioimmuration occurs when a skeletal organism overgrows or otherwise subsumes another organism, preserving the latter, or an impression of it, within the skeleton Palaeontologists rely on stratigraphy to date fossils. Stratigraphy is the science of deciphering the â€Å"layer-cake† that is the sedimentary record.If a fossil is found between two layers whose ages are known, the fossil's age is claimed to lie between the two known ages. Types of Fossils: 1. Index – (also known as guide fossils, indicator fossils or zone fossils) are fossils used to define and identify geologic periods (or faunal stages). 2. Trace – consist mainly of tracks and burrows, but also include coprolites (fossil feces) and marks left by feeding. – are particularly significant because they represent a data source that is not limited to animals with easily-fossilized hard parts, and they reflect animal behaviours.Transitional – is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group. This is especially important where the descendant group is sharply differentiated by gross anatomy and mode of living from the ancestral group. 4. Microfossils a descriptive term applied to fossilized plants and animals whose size is just at or below the level at which the fossil can be analyzed by the naked eye. 5. Resin Fossil resin (colloquially called amber) is a natural polymer found in many types of strata throughout the world, even the Arctic.Derived A derived, reworked or remanià © fossil is a fossil found in rock made significantly later than when the fossilized animal or plant died : it happens when a hard fossil is freed from a soft rock formation by erosion and redeposited in a currently forming sedimentary deposit. 7. Wood -wood that is preserved in the fossil record. Wood is usually the part of a plant that is best preserved (and most easily found). Fossil wood may or may not be petrified. The fossil wood may be the only part of the plant that has been preserved: therefore such wood may get a special kind of botanical name.

Essay on Fine Arts Classes Are Necessary - 1109 Words

Fine arts classes benefit students and schools alike. Fine arts are needed courses, not just as electives but as core classes that promote learning and creativity in the lives of students. There are three different styles of learning: auditory, visual, and kinesthetic. Fine art provides an avenue for all of these learning styles to be utilized during one class period; therefore, all students are able to understand and benefit from the curriculum. In a normal academic setting all types of learning may not be used, so a percentage of the classroom will not understand the lessons as well as it could have if it had arts incorporated into the class. It may seem impossible to include arts into an academic setting, but it is possible,†¦show more content†¦North Texas High School encourages their students to get involved in their fine arts programs and have fun expressing themselves in any class they choose to participate in (â€Å"FIne†). These schools are only two o f many who are determined to make their students’ educations the most enjoyable that they can by incorporating fine arts throughout schools. For students with hectic, stressful lives, an arts class may provide a calming, emotional outlet (Weber). Research proves that students who participate in fine arts have higher self-esteem and more social acceptance by their peers. Even parents agree that they have noticed an increase in self-esteem and motivation in their children when they begin taking fine arts classes (Swann-Hudkins). Fine arts in schools assist students in developing creativity, collaboration, and critical thinking, as well as self-discipline, self-esteem, cooperation, and self-motivation (â€Å"FIne†). As well as improving students’ self-esteem, discipline problems have dwindled to the point of extinction (1). According to Barry Oreck, â€Å"student behavior improved strikingly in such areas as taking risks, cooperating, solving problems, takin g initiative for learning, and being prepared (2-3).† Fine arts continue to raise standards in schools and show how students develop self-discipline and enhance their self-regulatory behavior (new horizons Dickerson 2).Show MoreRelatedBenefits Of The Fine Arts Programs1349 Words   |  6 PagesAn equivalent solution to solve the issue of under focused fine arts programs includes organizing a school’s current instruction time more efficiently within the school day. Schools could achieve efficiently using a combination of course integration and more planned and punctual lesson plans. Class time of Core subjects normally take precedent over arts classes and non Core subjects. Maximizing instructional time for all subjects would benefit the students and schools, despite the high cost it wouldRead MoreCourse Integration Is Another Solution1478 Words   |  6 Pagescurriculums can be laid down to weave Common Core and the fine arts together to create a beautiful product of different fine arts disciplines and Common Core standards (Adams, Pederson, and Narboni). Imagine connecting math and music, or art and history, or even dance and gym. The students’ motivation for learning will increase as in this example; a student might like art but not history. If he looks at history through the perspective of art, then he might find more enjoyment out of his history classRead MoreThe Impact Of Arts On American Public Schools1502 Words   |  7 Pagesof fine arts, as well as their funding, in American public schools is associated with the changing priorities of American politicians, as well as the diverse curriculum that does not provide the arts a place. 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An illustrator draws or paints pictures to connect ideas, feelings, or factual information (â€Å"Illustrator† para. 3). They work to make commercial pieces that persuade or entertain an audience with a certain style of art (â€Å"Illustrator† para. 3). These are the people that drew the cartoons youRead MoreArt : Art As A Major1692 Words   |  7 PagesUNI-201 November 10, 2014 Art as a Major Staring at a person across the room, you find yourself wondering who they really are. What do they do? And perhaps, where are they going in life? Truth is you can tell very little about a person from just their appearance, as it is with me. But after time it is hard to not to notice how much art is a part of my life, and what it means to me. Throughout this paper I will focus on why studio art is my major (and why others such as art education are not), thenRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesO Art, Art, Wherefort art Thou Art? Who are Raphael, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Donatello? Present this question to a room full of children (as well as teenagers) and you are only going to receive references to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles as responses, nearly without a shred of doubt. Though those guys are great, as someone in my mid-twenties I have some nostalgic attachment to them as well, this fictional presentation, with its’ fictional responses which is actually not related to those fictionalRead MoreEssay about Looking Deeper into the Creative Career of an Illustrator1128 Words   |  5 Pagesdrawing, painting, and almost everything under the category of art, this career might be right for them. With a bit of thorough research, the illustrator’s career can be understood as one that many people would love to have. An illustrator draws or paints pictures to connect ideas, feelings, or factual information (â€Å"Illustrator† para. 3). They work to make commercial pieces that persuade or entertain an audience with a certain style of art (â€Å"Illustrator† para. 3). They have created pictures for notRead MoreAnnual Testing Is Well Known For Teaching1587 Words   |  7 Pagesfor different district of education in different states. The test is meant for the boards of educations in every state to see the improvements in every school. It also allows the board to see which school is weak in what sections of the two core classes. And when the board sees what schools are poor in those areas it may take away money and give it to a school that is doing better than that school. Test may be helpful to the board for some time to see the weak spots, but bad scores also meant less